베트남의 물류 부문은 탄탄한 제조업 활동, 빠른 전자상거래 확대, 대규모 인프라 투자에 힘입어 핵심 성장 동력으로 부상하고 있습니다. 2025년 기준 시장 규모는 520억 달러를 상회하며, 물류 성과 개선과 부가가치 서비스 수요 증가를 기반으로 2030년까지 꾸준한 성장이 전망됩니다. 그러나 높은 물류 비용, 인프라 병목 현상, 인력의 숙련도 격차, 규제 복잡성은 여전히 중대한 과제로 남아 있습니다.

시장 개요

베트남 물류기업협회(VLA)에 따르면 2024년 현재 물류 서비스 제공에 관여하는 기업은 30,000개 이상이며, 이 중 약 70%가 호찌민시에 본사를 두고 있습니다. 약 89%는 완전한 국내 기업이며, 나머지는 외국인 투자 기업입니다. 물류 부문은 전국적으로 약 120만 명의 근로자를 고용하고 있는 것으로 추정됩니다[1].

시장 규모 및 성장 궤적

베트남의 물류 부문은 글로벌 경제의 불확실성에도 불구하고 괄목할 만한 성장을 보이며 경제성장의 핵심 축으로 부상했습니다. 물류 부문 시장 규모는 2025년 520억 6,000만 달러로 추정되며, 예측 기간(2025~2030년) 동안 6.67%의 연평균 성장률(CAGR)로 성장하여 2030년에는 718억 8,000만 달러에 이를 것으로 예상됩니다[2]. 베트남의 물류성과지수(LPI)는 2023년 3.3으로 개선되어 전 세계 139개 경제 중 43위, ASEAN 국가 중 5위를 기록하는 등 부문이 뚜렷한 발전을 보였습니다[3]. 또한 2025~2035년 기간 동안 매년 GDP의 약 5~7%를 직접적으로 기여합니다[4].

Vietnam Freight And Logistics Market Size

단위: 미화 10억 달러

출처: 모르도르 정보부

투자 현황

2024년 말 기준 베트남 물류 부문에는 누적 1,238개의 외국인직접투자(FDI) 프로젝트가 투자되었으며, DHL을 포함한 세계 주요 물류 그룹 약 30곳이 참여하여 63,515명의 고용을 창출했습니다, Schenker, Expeditors[5]. 베트남 물류 부문에서 투자 프로젝트 수가 가장 많은 5개 국가는 한국과 싱가포르로, 각각 221개 프로젝트를 보유해 합산 17.9%로 가장 높은 비중을 차지했습니다. 이어 홍콩(중국)이 177개 프로젝트(14.3%), 일본과 중국이 각각 140개 프로젝트로 각각 11.3%를 차지했습니다.

물류기업 현황

신설 물류기업 수는 13.5% 증가했지만(2024년 첫 9개월 동안 약 6,503개 기업이 설립되어 전체 신설 기업의 5.33%를 차지), 물류 비용이 여전히 GDP의 약 16.5%~16.8%를 차지해 글로벌 평균인 11.6%를 크게 상회하는 등 업계는 지속적으로 상당한 비용 부담에 직면해 있습니다[6]. 동시에 운송 및 창고 기업 4,519곳이 일시적으로 영업을 중단했습니다. 전반적으로 일부 물류기업은 안정적이고 인상적인 성장을 달성했지만, 중소 물류기업은 사업 실적이 악화되고 손실이 발생했으며, 일부는 시장에서 완전히 철수하기도 했습니다.

화물 운송 방식별 구조

현재 도로 운송은 물량 기준으로 여전히 가장 지배적인 화물 운송 방식으로, 5억 2,580만 톤을 처리하며 전체 화물의 73.5%를 차지하고 전년 대비 16.2% 증가했습니다. 2025년 1분기의 주요 특징은 철도 화물 운송의 회복으로, 운송량이 약 145만 톤에 달해 전년 대비 11.8% 증가했습니다. 그럼에도 철도 운송은 전체 화물량의 0.2%에 불과해 계속해서 제한적인 역할에 머물렀습니다[7].

Structure of freight transportation modes in Vietnam (Q1 2025)

100% = 715,8백만 톤

출처: 베트남 통계청

주요 시장 특성

기능별 분석

물류 기능별로는 화물 운송이 2024년 시장 점유율의 64.68%를 차지했으며, 택배·특송·소포(CEP) 서비스는 2025~2030년 동안 7.66%의 연평균 성장률(CAGR)로 확대될 전망입니다. 도로 화물 운송은 2024년 매출 점유율의 78.23%를 차지했지만, 항공 화물 운송은 예측 기간 동안 8.16%의 연평균 성장률(CAGR)을 기록하며 빠르게 성장할 것으로 예상됩니다[8].

최종 사용자별 세분화

제조업은 2024년 시장 점유율의 35.48%를 견인했으며, 해외 구매자와의 정밀한 재고 동기화가 필요한 전자제품 및 의류 제조 허브가 이를 뒷받침했습니다. 현대적 식료품 체인, 소비자 직접 판매(DTC) 브랜드, 국경 간 마켓플레이스가 확대되면서 도소매업은 2025~2030년 7.13%의 연평균 성장률(CAGR)로 성장할 전망입니다. 2025년 520억 달러 규모에 이를 것으로 예상되는 전자상거래의 폭발적 성장은 특히 라스트마일 배송 인프라를 중심으로 물류 수요 패턴을 근본적으로 재편하고 있습니다.

인프라 혁신과 지역 허브

Vietnam is undergoing a major infrastructure transformation, with the total length of operational expressways exceeding 2,000km by May 2024[9]. Key projects such as the Long Thanh International Airport and the expansion of deep-water ports like Cai Mep – Thi Vai (ranked 19th in the world) are central to the sector’s development. Regions like Ba Ria – Vung Tau, Binh Duong, and Dong Nai are being developed into specialized logistics centers to serve industrial clusters and global supply chains.

Emergence of Free Trade Zones (FTZ)

A significant strategic shift in 2024 is the formal push toward establishing Free Trade Zones (FTZs) to attract high-quality investment. In June 2025, the National Assembly approved the pilot establishment of the Da Nang Free Trade Zone covering approximately 1,881 hectares across non-contiguous functional areas and attached to the Lien Chieu deep-water port, with specialized zones for production, logistics, trade and services, digital technology, and innovation. The project has officially entered the initial implementation phase following the Prime Minister’s Decision No. 1142/QĐ-TTg announced on 22 June 2025, with memoranda of understanding signed with major domestic and international investors, including Terne Holdings Group, BRG Group, and Saigon Da Nang Investment JSC[10]. These zones are designed to offer zero-tax incentives, streamlined customs procedures, and integrated manufacturing-logistics ecosystems

Expanding Warehouse and M&A Activity

The warehouse market is expanding rapidly, with a 23% annual growth rate from 2020 to 2023, reaching a total scale of approximately 4 million square meters by the end of 2023[11]. Foreign investors such as Mapletree, SLP, and JD Property now dominate the market, with the top three players holding 46% of the market share by area[12]. Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) have become a key trend as global corporations seek to expand their footprint in Vietnam quickly. For example, Maersk has partnered with Vietnam’s Hateco Group to develop two deep-water berths at Lach Huyen Port in Hai Phong.

투자 기회

High-Growth Segments

E-Commerce Fulfillment Infrastructure: With online retail projected to grow at 8.35% CAGR and already generating over half of B2C parcel flows, demand for automated warehouses, last-mile delivery networks, and order fulfillment centers represents a compelling opportunity[13]. The fragmented nature of last-mile delivery, where per-parcel costs remain 28% above Thailand[14], creates openings for efficient operators with technology-enabled solutions.

Cold Chain Logistics: Expanding healthcare, pharmaceutical, and food processing sectors require GDP-certified cold chain capabilities. Regulatory requirements for pharmaceutical traceability are raising barriers to entry, creating premium pricing opportunities for qualified operators. Japanese investor Yokorei’s USD 52 million cold storage project in Long An Province exemplifies the scale of opportunity in this segment[15].

Green and Digital Transformation

The market is increasingly prioritizing sustainability and technology. Based on a survey of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, approximately 53% of medium and large logistics enterprises have adopted energy-saving solutions, and 38% have invested in clean energy vehicles (electric or gas-powered)[16]. Vietnam’s National Strategy on Green Growth for 2021-2030 identifies logistics services as one of 18 key focus areas, creating opportunities for investors in sustainable logistics solutions.

Technology adoption represents a defining trend across the sector. Companies are implementing warehouse management systems, data-driven optimization platforms, and transportation management systems. ViettelPost’s deployment of 2,000 smart lockers embedded within urban micro-malls exemplifies how digital solutions are reshaping urban logistics. Industry 4.0 technologies are increasingly adopted in Vietnam’s logistics management, improving efficiency and reducing costs. Survey conducted by Vietnam Logistics Business Association shows that around 68% of medium and large logistics firms use IoT for warehousing and transport, 52% apply Big Data and AI for demand forecasting and route optimization, and 35% have piloted blockchain for traceability[17].

Geographic Expansion Opportunities

Foreign investors should consider Vietnam’s regional development disparities. While Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi dominate current logistics activities, emerging industrial zones in central and northern Vietnam present first-mover advantages. New seaport developments in Hai Phong, Da Nang, and southern provinces are creating logistics hubs requiring supporting infrastructure and services.

Strategic Policy-Driven Opportunities

Vietnam’s newly approved National Logistics Service Development Strategy 2025-2035 (Decision 2229/QD-TTg, October 2025) creates unprecedented opportunities for foreign investors aligned with government priorities[18].

Logistics Center Development: The government prioritizes establishing at least 5 world-class modern logistics centers by 2035, increasing to 10 centers by 2050. Priority locations include Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hai Phong, and Da Nang, integrated with seaports and international airports. Foreign investors with expertise in large-scale logistics hub development can partner with Vietnamese entities to capture first-mover advantages in these strategic locations.

Digital Customs and Smart Logistics: The strategy emphasizes building digital customs and smart customs models to shorten clearance times and reduce costs. The target of 80% digital adoption by 2035 (100% by 2050) creates substantial opportunities for technology providers offering customs automation, electronic documentation systems, and blockchain-based supply chain solutions.

Specialized Logistics Services: The strategy specifically encourages specialized logistics for agricultural products, processed industrial goods, and cross-border e-commerce. Foreign investors with cold chain, pharmaceutical logistics, or e-commerce fulfillment expertise can leverage government support programs designed to develop these high-value segments.

투자 과제

High Operating Logistics Costs

Vietnam’s logistics costs at nearly 17% of GDP substantially exceed regional competitors, driven by multiple factors. Road transport dominates freight movement, accounting for over 73% of total freight volume, which increases fuel consumption and congestion-related costs. Furthermore, the lack of synchronization between deep-water ports and the surrounding road or rail networks creates severe bottlenecks for “last-mile” connectivity.

Sector fragmentation further limits efficiency. More than 90% of logistics firms are small and medium-sized enterprises[19], restricting economies of scale and investment in automation. Consequently, labor-intensive operations remain prevalent, while automation adoption is uneven despite evidence that digitalized firms can reduce logistics costs by over 20%[20].

Shortage of High-Quality Human Resources

A fundamental challenge for foreign investors is the lack of professionally trained personnel. While the sector employs about 1.2 million people, only 5% to 7% have received formal logistics training[21]. Investors struggle to find staff proficient in English, international maritime law, and advanced digital technology, forcing many firms to invest heavily in internal retraining or hire expensive foreign experts.

Legal Framework and Administrative Hurdles

The regulatory environment remains complex and, in some areas, incomplete. Although Vietnam is piloting Free Trade Zones (FTZs) in regions like Da Nang, there is currently no comprehensive national legal framework specifically governing the procedures, approval authority, investment policy decisions, establishment, management models, operational mechanisms, and decentralization of management for free trade zones (FTZs).

Currently, this sector is governed through a complex framework of interrelated legal instruments, including the Law on Road Traffic, various Government Decrees (e.g., Decree No. 68/2016/ND-CP on warehousing and customs procedures), Prime Ministerial Decisions (such as the master plan for the development of the logistics centre system), and Circulars issued by the Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Finance; more recently, a draft Strategy for the Development of Vietnam’s Logistics Services to 2035, with a vision to 2045, has been introduced, aiming to enhance competitiveness, promote digital transformation, and accelerate the greening of the logistics sector.

Infrastructure Bottlenecks

Despite significant government investment, infrastructure constraints persist as major obstacles. Urban congestion in major cities drives last-mile delivery inefficiencies, while underdeveloped rural road networks limit market access beyond core industrial hubs. Seasonal congestion at key ports increases dwell times and costs, and weak multimodal integration, particularly between road, rail, and waterways, keeps logistics expenses elevated. In parallel, insufficient warehousing capacity in strategic locations near ports and industrial zones creates persistent supply-chain bottlenecks.

Additionally, Vietnam’s infrastructure is vulnerable to extreme weather, as evidenced by Typhoon Yagi in 2024, which caused over 80,000 billion VND in economic damage and severely disrupted transport networks in the north.

결론

Vietnam’s logistics sector presents compelling opportunities for foreign investors willing to navigate regulatory complexities, infrastructure challenges, and competitive intensity. Success requires moving beyond traditional logistics models toward technology-enabled, specialized, and sustainable operations. Foreign investors bringing capital, advanced systems, and international expertise to partnerships with capable Vietnamese companies can capture disproportionate value in this rapidly evolving market.

* 이 기사에서 어떤 정보를 인용하고자 하시면, 저작권을 존중하기 위해 원본 기사의 링크와 함께 출처를 꼭 기재해 주시기 바랍니다.

[1] Vietnam Logistics Association (VLA), Vietnam Logistics Report 2024
(https://valoma.vn/)

[2] 모르도르 정보부, Vietnam Freight and Logistics Market – Growth, Trends, and Forecasts
(https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/vietnam-freight-logistics-market)

[3] 세계은행, Logistics Performance Index – Vietnam
(https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/LP.LPI.OVRL.XQ?locations=VN)

[4] Industry and Trade Magazine (Vietnam), Opening New Space to Attract Investment and Develop Vietnam’s Logistics Services
(https://tapchicongthuong.vn/mo-ra-khong-gian-moi-thu-hut-dau-tu–phat-trien-dich-vu-logistics-viet-nam-299419.htm)

[5] Communist Review (Vietnam), Attracting Foreign Direct Investment into Vietnam’s Logistics Sector: Current Situation and Policy Recommendations
(https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/kinh-te/-/2018/1089502/thu-hut-dau-tu-truc-tiep-nuoc-ngoai-vao-linh-vuc-logistics-tai-viet-nam–thuc-trang-va-mot-so-khuyen-nghi-chinh-sach.aspx)

[6] Vietnam Logistics Association (VLA), Vietnam Logistics Report 2024
(https://valoma.vn/)

[7] Vietnam FDI Portal, Rail Freight Accelerates in Q1 2025
(https://vnfdi.vn/van-tai-quy-i-2025-duong-sat-but-toc/)

[8] 모르도르 정보부, Vietnam Freight and Logistics Market – Growth, Trends, and Forecasts
(https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/vietnam-freight-logistics-market)

[9] KPMG Vietnam, Vietnam Economic Outlook 2026
(https://assets.kpmg.com/)

[10] VnEconomy. (https://vneconomy.vn/le-cong-bo-quyet-dinh-thanh-lap-khu-thuong-mai-tu-do-da-nang.htm)

[11] 베트남 브리핑, Vietnam’s Warehouse Market: Foreign Investment Outlook
(https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/news/vietnams-warehouse-market-foreign-investment-outlook.html/)

[12] VietnamPlus, Foreign Developers Dominate Vietnam’s Modern Warehouse Market
(https://en.vietnamplus.vn/foreign-developers-dominate-modern-warehouse-market-in-vietnam-post288791.vnp)

[13] 모르도르 정보부, Vietnam Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market – Growth and Forecast
(https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/vietnam-courier-express-and-parcel-cep-market)

[14] 모르도르 정보부, Vietnam Freight and Logistics Market – Growth, Trends, and Forecasts
(https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/vietnam-freight-logistics-market)

[15] 투자자, Yokorei builds $52 mln Vietnam cold storage facility as sector set to soar (https://theinvestor.vn/yokorei-builds-52-mln-vietnam-cold-storage-facility-as-sector-set-to-soar-d6136.html)

[16] Vietnam Logistics Portal, Logistics Service Enterprises Undergoing Digital Transformation to Reduce Costs
(https://logistics.gov.vn/doanh-nghiep/doanh-nghiep-dich-vu-logistics-chuyen-doi-so-de-giam-chi-phi)

[17] Vietnam Logistics Portal, Logistics Service Enterprises Undergoing Digital Transformation to Reduce Costs
(https://logistics.gov.vn/doanh-nghiep/doanh-nghiep-dich-vu-logistics-chuyen-doi-so-de-giam-chi-phi)

[18] Industry and Trade Magazine (Vietnam), Official Approval of Vietnam’s Logistics Service Development Strategy for 2025-2035, Vision to 2050
(https://tapchicongthuong.vn/chinh-thuc-phe-duyet-chien-luoc-phat-trien-dich-vu-logistics-viet-nam-thoi-ky-2025-2035–tam-nhin-den-2050-261784.htm)

[19] Vietnam Logistics Portal, Green Supply Chains: Identifying Challenges for Vietnamese Logistics Enterprises
(https://logistics.gov.vn/elogistics/chuoi-cung-ung-xanh-diem-ten-cac-thach-thuc-cua-doanh-nghiep-logistics-viet)

[20] Vietnam Logistics Portal, Logistics Service Enterprises Undergoing Digital Transformation to Reduce Costs
(https://logistics.gov.vn/doanh-nghiep/doanh-nghiep-dich-vu-logistics-chuyen-doi-so-de-giam-chi-phi)

[21] Vietnam Logistics Association (VLA), Vietnam Logistics Report 2024
(https://valoma.vn/)