155 月2019
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越南到 2030 年可再生能源容量雄心勃勃的目标
Vietnam electricity demand is forecasted to surge to 572-632 billion kWh by 2030, an increase with CAGR 2021-2030 of around 8% – 8.5%. Even though Vietnam’s power production has been dominated by coal; hydropower and gas for many years, developing renewable energy is an undeniably important strategy for the country in the long-term.
2016 年 3 月,总理颁布了关于修订电力发展计划的第 428/QĐ-TTG 号决定,其中提出的目标是到 2030 年,可再生能源(包括小规模水电、风电、太阳能和生物质能)将占总发电量的 10.7%。
This Plan also sets a specific target for solar energy generation capacity to reach 12,000 MW in 2030, which equivalent to 3.3% of total energy production in this year, and with CAGR of capacity at 30% in the period 2020 – 2030.
就太阳能潜力而言,越南拥有丰富的太阳能资源,平均全球水平辐射量 (GHI) 为 1,200-2,000 kWh/m2/年,在东南亚地区相对较高。越南中部和南部的平均GHI为1753 kWh/m2/年,为太阳能开发项目提供更多可行的投资机会。
太阳能领域新兴外资
在越南,国有企业主导着全国电力生产;根据《2017 年越南电力年度报告》,越南电力公司 (EVN)、越南石油公司和 Vinacomin 贡献了总装机容量的 76,1 %,而 BOT 和其他投资者则占全部 23,9%。然而,越南电力市场正在经历一场根本性转变,私营部门更多地参与可再生能源生产。随着这一趋势的发展,太阳能开发已成为吸引外国投资者的市场。
The Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) Vietnam announced that, till the end of September 2019, 121 solar-farm projects have been approved to supplement to provincial and national power plan with an expected total capacity of 7200MW till 2030, in which 25 projects have successfully signed PPA with EVN. Besides, 221 projects with total registered capacity of 13,000 MW are waiting for approval.
The current biggest foreign investment project is the joint venture between Sunseap International (Singapore) and InfraCo Asia in Ninh Thuan province, with the capacity of 168 MWp and is expected to generate enough power for up to 200,000 households. Other big projects, to mention a few, are Thanh Hoa 1 (160 MWp) developed by BS Heidelberg Solar in Thanh Hoa province and Fujiwara project Binh Dinh province (50 MW).
根据 GIZ 在 2016 年的分析,投资者可以预期越南太阳能项目的股权 IRR(税前)在保守情况下为 5% 至近 18%,在乐观情况下则为 8% 至 21%。
政府的支持性政策是吸引潜在投资者的一大亮点。最近,第 11/2017/QĐ-TTG 号决定于 2017 年 6 月 1 日至 2019 年 6 月 30 日生效,颁布了对太阳能发电项目投资的优惠机制。
According to the Decision, the 20-year fixed FIT and net metering credit has been determined at 9.35 USct/kWh, adjusted to VND/USD exchange rate and would be applied to projects that have commercial operation date (COD) until 30th June 2019. This rate of tariff is considered to be quite favorable for investor compared to wind power tariff (即内陆项目为 8.5 美分/千瓦时;海上项目为 9.8 美分/千瓦时)和商业电力零售价格(即 8.1 美分/千瓦时)。优惠机制还包括财政激励措施,如企业所得税(CIT)减免、作为固定资产进口的商品免征进口税以及土地激励措施。
然而,越南太阳能市场仍处于早期发展阶段。法律和运营风险仍然是投资者应预见的典型挑战,例如:
- PPA 条款是固定的,对于投资者来说不可协商
- 许可和场地清理流程漫长而复杂,可能会导致项目延误并错过计划的商业运营日期
- 输电线路超载:输电线路只能吸收部分能源输出,因此 EVN 无法支付所有生产的能源,或者选择减少可再生能源电力吸收以保护输电线路
总体而言,较高的太阳辐射量和政府对太阳能投资的支持机制为市场发展创造了良好的基础。就目前情况而言,外国投资者可以考虑与国内合作伙伴合作,利用他们的优势来促进运营许可证和相关事宜,同时他们可以专注于提供先进的技术和充足的资金。在 COD 之后,外国开发商可以逐渐考虑增加持股,同时当地合作伙伴撤资。



