越南非正规经济是其经济格局中一个重要且复杂的组成部分，为国内生产总值和就业作出了重大贡献。越南非正规经济的规模十分庞大。该部门的特点是未注册企业普遍存在，且劳动者缺乏正式合同和社会保障，因此既带来了机遇，也带来了挑战。对于企业和投资者而言，了解越南非正规经济的运行动态，对于战略规划至关重要。本文全面概述其监管环境、市场规模、主要细分领域及当前趋势，为企业在这一多元化市场中开展业务提供可执行的洞察。.

规定

越南政府历来对非正规经济采取兼顾并重的态度，既认可其在创造就业方面的作用，同时也致力于推动该部门正规化，以扩大税基并加强劳动者保护。影响越南非正规经济的主要法规和政策包括：

– 劳动法： 《2019年劳动法》自2021年起生效，规范劳动关系。然而，其执行范围主要局限于正规部门。一项重要进展是 《越南就业法2025》, ，该法首次允许非合同劳动者（自由职业者、零工劳动者）自愿参加失业保险。这标志着向非正规劳动者扩大社会安全网迈出了一步。.

– 企业登记： 《企业法》规定了小型企业或家庭企业的登记流程。尽管政府已通过国家企业登记门户网站努力简化相关程序，但许多小规模经营主体，尤其是家庭企业，仍未登记，原因包括缺乏了解、认为流程复杂，或希望规避税收和监管监督。.

– 正规化政策： 政府已实施多项旨在鼓励正规化的决议和政策。例如，第68号决议重新强调了对家庭企业和中小企业的支持，旨在帮助其更好地获得融资和数字平台。政府还鼓励成立合作社，将其作为家庭企业之间相互支持的一种模式。然而，政府也采取了禁止街头摊贩在主要城市特定区域经营等临时性措施，这些措施往往会对依靠非正规活动谋生的人群造成干扰性后果。.

市场概况

越南非正规经济是该国经济体系的重要组成部分。.

– 规模与范围： 2021年，越南预计有 3,360万名非正规劳动者, ，约占就业人口总数的 68.5% 。[1]. 其中近四分之三居住在农村地区[2].

Percentage of Formal and Informal Labour in Vietnam (%)

100%= 49.1 million people

来源：越南统计总局，2021年

– 对国内生产总值的贡献： 尽管难以确定精确数据，但估计非正规经济对越南国内生产总值的贡献介于15%和27%之间[3]. 。这一显著贡献凸显了该部门在创造收入和支持生计方面的重要性，尤其是对于难以获得正规就业机会的人群而言。.

– 按行业划分的非正规劳动： 绝大多数（超过90%）的非正规劳动者集中在三大行业[4]:

• • ▪ 农业、林业和渔业（AFF）： 该行业集中了最多的非正规劳动力，尤其是在农村地区。.
  • ▪ 建筑业： 非正规和季节性劳动力的重要雇主。.
  • ▪ 服务业： 涵盖广泛的活动，从街头摊贩和交通运输到家庭企业。.

2023年的数据显示，在总计5,130万就业人口中，农业、林业和渔业从业者为1,380万人，工业和建筑业从业者为1,720万人，服务业从业者为2,030万人[5]. 。在农业、林业和渔业部门，预计99%的劳动力属于非正规就业，这凸显了非正规工作在越南农村地区的根深蒂固[6].

越南非正规劳动者的一个主要特征是专业和技术资质有限，其中很大比例从事基础性职业。他们的平均月收入显著低于正规劳动者，且通常低于地区最低工资标准。.

主要细分领域

资料来源：B&Company 的综合报告

这些群体虽然多样化，但都面临脆弱性与韧性并存这一共同特征。他们是越南日常生活和经济体系不可或缺的一部分，提供基本商品和服务，并为大量人口构建安全网。.

市场趋势

以下几项关键趋势正在塑造越南的非正规经济：

– 技术的影响： 数字平台和移动技术的兴起，正在为非正规就业者创造新的机会，尤其是在零工经济领域。网约车、食品配送和电子商务平台为创收提供了新的渠道。然而，这也带来了新形式的不稳定性，劳动者依赖于平台企业，而这些企业通常不提供传统的就业福利。.

– 政府推动正规化： 政府日益重视推动非正规经济正规化，以扩大税基、加强劳动者保护，并为企业营造更加公平的竞争环境。2025年《就业法》就是这一趋势的一个重要例证，旨在将社会保险覆盖范围扩大至更广泛的劳动者群体。.

– 城市化： 快速城市化正在推动城市非正规部门不断扩大，农村地区的流动人口通常会在非正规建筑、服务业和街头摊贩行业中寻找工作。这给城市基础设施和公共服务带来压力，也为市政政府带来挑战。.

– 新冠疫情： 新冠疫情凸显了非正规就业者的脆弱性。他们往往最先失去工作，且无法获得社会安全网的支持。这进一步提高了制定相关政策的紧迫性，以便为这一劳动力群体提供更好的保障。.

对企业和投资者的影响

对于企业和投资者而言，越南非正规经济呈现出机遇与挑战并存的双重格局。.

机会

– 庞大的消费者群体： 非正规经济代表着一个规模庞大且尚未得到充分开发的消费市场。能够提供符合这一群体需求和购买力的产品与服务的企业，可以发现显著的增长机会。.

– 灵活的劳动力： 非正规部门提供了规模庞大且灵活的劳动力资源，这对于劳动力需求波动较大的企业而言可能是一项优势。.

– 合作与采购： 正规企业可以与非正规企业合作，采购原材料、制造零部件或分销产品。这有助于打造更加包容且更具韧性的供应链。.

挑战

– 数据缺口： The absence of reliable data on the informal economy makes it difficult to assess market size, consumer preferences, and creditworthiness.

– Regulatory Gray Areas: Operating in and with the informal economy can involve navigating a complex and often ambiguous regulatory environment.

- 竞赛： Formal businesses may face competition from informal enterprises that do not have the same tax and regulatory burdens.

– Logistics and Distribution: Reaching consumers and businesses in the informal economy can be challenging due to a lack of formal addresses and infrastructure.

可操作的影响

To successfully engage with Vietnam’s informal economy, businesses and investors should consider the following strategies:

– Develop Inclusive Business Models: Design products, services, and distribution channels that are accessible and affordable for low-income consumers and small, informal businesses. The food and beverage franchise industry, as analyzed by b-company.jp, provides an excellent case study[7]. Low-cost, turnkey franchise models can be particularly effective. For an informal household business owner, the prospect of formalizing on their own is daunting due to the perceived complexity and cost[8]. A franchise model de-risks this transition by providing a pre-packaged formal structure, standardized processes for accounting and regulatory compliance, brand recognition, and operational support. This transforms a formidable leap into a manageable step. For the franchisor, it is a highly scalable market entry strategy that taps into a vast pool of experienced, grassroots entrepreneurs. This model is replicable in other sectors such as retail, education, and personal services.

– Leverage Digital Technology: Use mobile payments, e-commerce platforms, and other digital tools to reach and transact with the informal sector. For example, a financial technology company could develop a simple, mobile-first bookkeeping and inventory management application tailored to the needs of household businesses. By offering this tool for free or on a freemium basis, the company can gain invaluable, real-time data on the cash flows, sales cycles, and creditworthiness of a previously invisible market segment. This data can then be used to develop and offer tailored micro-loans, insurance products, or digital payment solutions, effectively bringing these businesses into the formal financial system in a way that provides them with tangible value. This approach uses technology not just for sales, but as a data-gathering and formalization-facilitating platform.

– Build Trust and Relationships: Establish strong relationships with community leaders, local associations, and informal business owners to gain a better understanding of the market and build trust.

– Advocate for a More Enabling Environment: Support policies and initiatives that promote the formalization of the informal economy in a way that is beneficial for both businesses and workers. This includes advocating for simplified business registration, improved access to finance, and expanded social protection. For example, instead of divesting from informal suppliers, leading firms can invest in them. This involves proactively mapping supply chains to identify informal links, providing targeted capacity-building programs (e.g., training on quality standards, financial literacy, occupational safety), and actively assisting them in the formalization process by facilitating access to credit or simplifying registration procedures. In an era of increasing global scrutiny of supply chain ethics and transparency, a company that can demonstrate it has invested in formalizing and upgrading its local supplier base turns a potential liability into a powerful brand asset and a more resilient, loyal, and higher-quality supply chain

– Due Diligence: Conduct thorough due diligence to understand the legal and reputational risks associated with engaging with the informal sector.

By adopting a strategic and nuanced approach, businesses and investors can not only tap into the economic potential of Vietnam’s informal economy but also contribute to a more inclusive and sustainable economic development path for the country.

[1] informal employment – Economica Vietnam, accessed September 15, 2025, https://www.economica.vn/Content/files/PUBL%20%26%20REP/Informal%20Employment%20in%20Vietnam.pdf

[2] WORKERS IN INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN VIET NAM, accessed September 15, 2025, https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/LAO-DONG-CO-VIEC-LAM-PHI-CHINH-THUC-O-VIET-NAM-Eg-final.pdf

[3] How large is Vietnam’s informal economy? – ResearchGate, accessed September 15, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525802_How_large_is_Vietnam’s_informal_economy

[4] WORKERS IN INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN VIET NAM, accessed September 15, 2025, https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/LAO-DONG-CO-VIEC-LAM-PHI-CHINH-THUC-O-VIET-NAM-Eg-final.pdf

[5] Employment numbers rise but labour market quality yet to improve: GSO, accessed September 15, 2025, https://vss.gov.vn/UserControls/Publishing/News/BinhLuan/pFormPrint.aspx?UrlListProcess=/content/english/tintuc/Lists/EnNews&ItemID=11893&IsTA=True

[6] WORKERS IN INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN VIET NAM, accessed September 15, 2025, https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/LAO-DONG-CO-VIEC-LAM-PHI-CHINH-THUC-O-VIET-NAM-Eg-final.pdf

[7] Vietnam’s F&B Franchising Industry: From expansion to consolidation – B-Company, accessed September 15, 2025, https://b-company.jp/vietnams-fb-franchising-industry-from-expansion-to-consolidation/

[8] Why are millions of home-based businesses in Vietnam ignoring registering as companies?, accessed September 15, 2025, https://hanoitimes.vn/why-are-millions-of-home-based-businesses-in-vietnam-ignoring-registering-as-companies.659867.html

*如果您希望引用本文中的任何信息，请善意地引用来源，并附上原文链接，以尊重版权。.