253 月2026
最新新闻与报告 / 越南简报
评论: 没有评论.
抽象的
当前的中东冲突正通过燃料价格波动、航线中断和战争风险定价,引发全球物流冲击。对越南而言,影响并不均衡,但正日益显现:国内运输运营商面临更高的燃料成本,而与海湾、红海和地中海航线相关的出口商、货运代理、航空公司及企业则面临更严重的运营中断。本文将审视此次危机对全球物流的影响,评估其当前对越南的影响,并概述受影响企业应优先采取的实务风险管理措施。.
一场物流影响远超中东地区的全球危机
当前冲突不应仅被视为一场区域性地缘政治事件。从物流角度看,这是通过三个紧密关联的渠道传导的全球性冲击:能源价格上涨、运输路线中断,以及通过战争风险保险和紧急附加费体现的风险定价。霍尔木兹海峡仍处于核心位置,因为国际能源署(IEA)估计,2025年每天约有2,000万桶原油和石油产品经由该海峡运输,相当于全球海运石油贸易的约四分之一,而替代绕行能力仍然有限[1]. 。从实际情况看,这意味着海湾地区的任何长期中断,都可能迅速转化为更高的燃料成本,以及远超中东地区的供应链不稳定性。.
Alternative routes

来源:IEA
影响波及多个地区,但表现形式并不相同。在海湾经济体,冲击不仅影响运输,还波及航空、旅游、房地产、金融和数字基础设施等行业。然而,对全球经济而言,第一轮影响最明显地体现在航运、航空货运、能源密集型制造业,以及任何依赖稳定的亚洲—欧洲或亚洲—中东运输走廊的企业。越南经济时报援引越南物流企业协会代表的话称,当前局势之所以异常严重,是因为其同时影响霍尔木兹海峡、波斯湾以及红海/苏伊士运河航线。.
主要承运商已经将这一地缘政治风险转化为运营调整。马士基暂停了部分关键服务未来经苏伊士运河的航行,并改道绕行好望角[2], ;赫伯罗特也因红海地区的限制,将部分航次从经苏伊士运河航线调整至其他路线[3]. 。DHL指出,此类改道可能使运输时间增加约20–50%,即从亚洲前往欧洲额外增加约7–10天,前往地中海地区额外增加约10–14天[4]. 。从实际情况看,安全冲击会转化为“物流计算题”:航程延长、燃油消耗增加、船舶运力趋紧、时刻表可预测性下降,以及更多库存滞留在运输途中。.
当前对越南物流和运输业的影响:不均衡,但日益显现
Vietnam is structurally exposed to this kind of external shock, although the degree of exposure varies across the sector. Logistics costs remain high at around 16.5–17% of GDP, road freight still accounts for over 70% of domestic cargo volume, and more than 90% of logistics firms are SMEs[5], ,这限制了其吸收燃料、保险和运输成本突然上升的能力。因此,即使没有直接涉足中东航线的企业,也可能因柴油成本上涨和国内配送费用增加而面临利润率压力。.
Structure of freight transportation modes in Vietnam (Q1 2025)
单位:%;100% = 7.158亿吨

资料来源:越南统计总局
与此同时,影响在行业内部并不均衡。根据越南物流企业协会(VLA)近期的调查结果,89.8%的越南物流企业在不同程度上受到了影响[6], ,而仅有10.2%基本未受影响,主要是国内运营商,或对受影响航线暴露程度有限的企业。实际上,影响的规模和性质在很大程度上取决于航线暴露程度和商业模式:
对于 国内运输和物流服务提供商, 而言,主要影响是成本上涨,而不是航线中断。卡车运输、末端配送和仓储并不直接受到全球改道决策的影响,但仍对柴油价格高度敏感。因此,相关应对措施主要以防御性举措为主,包括征收燃油附加费、调整报价、加强调度规划,以及努力减少空驶里程。在铁路运输领域,这种成本转嫁变得更加明确:铁路运输股份公司于3月初将客运票价上调10%,货运费率上调15%[7], ,这表明运营商正日益根据燃油价格波动调整费率,而不是在内部消化压力。.
对于 不直接服务于中东、波斯湾或地中海航线的出口商、货运代理和海运物流企业, ,其影响虽属间接,但仍然显著。它们主要受到燃油和保险成本上升、班期可靠性下降、船舶运力趋紧以及网络拥堵加剧的影响。溢出效应已经显现:据报道,随着航运公司调整服务并增加附加费,部分来自胡志明市的出口货运已延误7–10天[8]. 。对于这些企业而言,主要挑战在于物流成本上升和交付可预测性下降,而非航线直接中断。.
对于以下企业而言, disruption更为严重: 与中东、波斯湾和地中海航线直接相关的越南企业. 。在这些情况下,问题不仅在于成本上升,还在于本地企业影响全球承运商、保险公司和国际航运网络上游决策的能力有限。VnEconomy援引VLA报道称,在部分细分航段,中东航线已处于“部分瘫痪”状态;与此同时,面向欧洲的航线因绕行好望角而受到影响,每程大约增加10–14天。该报告还援引Phaata数据称,胡志明市至北欧的货运价格环比上涨9%,而至迪拜的货运价格飙升388%,部分航运公司甚至全面暂停接受中东航线订舱。在此类情况下,越南企业除重新协商交付条款、承担额外仓储和转运成本、转换市场或推迟发货外,可采取的应对措施十分有限。.
对于 制造商和出口商, 而言,这些物流中断会迅速转化为生产和商业风险。运输时间延长、集装箱失衡以及航运班期可靠性下降,使库存规划更加困难,并增加错过交付窗口的可能性,尤其是在季节性订单、冷链要求或时效性出口承诺相关的行业。胡志明市政府已警告,至少八个主要制造和出口行业正受到不同程度的影响,其中电子、纺织和鞋类行业暴露度较高,原因在于其高度依赖全球供应链和交付计划。.[9]
对于 航空公司和航空货运, 而言,暴露程度最为严重,因为燃油价格和燃油供应均面临压力。Jet A1价格上涨正在推高航空公司的成本,而有关4月初可能出现供应短缺的警告,则增加了航班削减和货运运力收紧的风险[10]. 。对于通过海湾枢纽连接越南与欧洲、北美和中东的时效性货运航线而言,这一点尤为关键。.
政府的应对重点是限制外部冲击向国内企业运营中断传导的速度。越南成立了国家能源安全工作组,提出如零售价格在一个月内上涨20%或以上,则启动石油价格稳定措施;同时,临时将包括柴油和航空燃油在内的多种燃料产品进口关税下调至0%,措施持续至4月30日。政府还发布了行业专项指导:海事主管部门要求船东和航运企业监测国际预警并制定备选航线方案;工贸部则敦促进出口和物流企业实现市场、供应来源和运输方式多元化。.[11] [12] [13] [14]
受影响物流企业的风险管理启示
对于越南物流企业而言,首要任务是更清晰地识别和细分风险。当前的中东冲突并未以相同方式影响所有运营商;因此,应根据实际暴露情况制定应对措施,而不是依据笼统的行业标签。国内运输服务商主要面临燃油成本通胀风险,而参与国际航线的货运代理和承运商还面临保险附加费、班期中断、航线改道和订舱不确定性等额外压力。对于3PL、4PL和5PL等高阶物流服务提供商而言,关键挑战在于维持服务可靠性,并在日益动荡的运输网络中协调备选方案。.
The second priority is stronger operational risk management. This requires tighter contract discipline, particularly in relation to fuel-adjustment clauses, surcharge pass-through terms, insurance responsibilities, force-majeure provisions, and delivery obligations. At the same time, logistics firms need more adaptive planning practices, including closer coordination with carriers and overseas partners, more frequent route reassessment, and clearer contingency plans for delays, rerouting, and sudden cost escalation. In the current environment, resilience depends not only on contractual protection but also on the ability to respond quickly as conditions change.[15]
The third priority is selective strategic adaptation. The crisis does not create a broad-based growth opportunity for Vietnam’s logistics industry as a whole, but it does strengthen demand for a narrower set of services that help customers manage uncertainty more effectively. These include warehousing near ports and industrial zones, multimodal coordination, visibility tools, and digital transport-management systems. As B&Company’s recent market analysis suggests, these resilience-oriented capabilities are gaining traction mainly among larger and more technology-capable operators, rather than across the market as a whole.[16] [17]
结论
The Middle East conflict is best understood not as a distant geopolitical event, but as a global logistics shock with uneven yet increasingly visible effects on Vietnam. The businesses most exposed are those linked to Gulf, Red Sea, and Mediterranean routes, together with airlines, air-cargo operators, exporters, and manufacturers dependent on timely international transport. Domestic transport operators are affected more indirectly, mainly through fuel inflation and tighter margins. For Vietnam, the central business message is therefore the need for clearer route-based risk management, stronger contract discipline, and more selective investment in resilience where it can genuinely reduce exposure and protect service reliability.
阅读更多
* 如果您希望引用本文中的任何信息,请同时注明来源并附上原文链接,以尊重版权。.
| B&Company
自2008年以来,第一家专注于越南市场研究的日本公司。我们提供广泛的服务,包括行业报告、行业访谈、消费者调查、商业匹配。此外,我们最近开发了一个包含超过900,000家越南公司的数据库,可用于寻找合作伙伴和分析市场。. 如果您有任何疑问,请随时与我们联系。. info@b-company.jp + (84) 28 3910 3913 |
[1] IEA (2026): Strait of Hormuz Factsheet <访问>
[2] Maersk (2026): Rerouting of ME11 and MECL Service around The Cape of Good Hope <访问>
[3] Hapag-Lloyd (2026): Update on Red Sea Transit and Temporary Route Adjustments <访问>
[4] DHL (2024): Red Sea Situation & Impact on Global Shipping <访问>
[5] Vietnam Logistics Association (VLA), Vietnam Logistics Report 2024 <访问>
[6] Among affected firms, 38.8% reported mainly margin pressure, 34.7% reported operational disruption and revenue decline, and 16.3% described the situation as especially severe, with a risk of business stagnation.
[7] LaoDong (2026): Railways increase ticket prices by 5% starting March 21英石 <访问>
[8] VnEconomy (2026): HCMC exports face 7-10 day delays and shipping surcharges amid Middle East conflict <访问>
[9] VnEconomy (2026): HCMC exports face 7-10 day delays and shipping surcharges amid Middle East conflict <访问>
[10] Tuoi Tre (2026): Vietnamese airlines and the pressure to cut operations <访问>
[11] VietnamPlus (2026): Vietnam forms task force to ensure energy security amid Middle East tensions <访问>
[12] VietnamPlus (2026): Vietnam takes urgent measures to ensure energy security amid Middle East conflict <访问>
[13] Government News (2026): Implement fuel price management in accordance with Government Resolution No. 36/NQ-CP. <访问>
[14] VietnamPlus (2026): Import tariffs on certain fuel products reduced to 0% <访问>
[15] VnEconomy (2026): Import-export and logistics firms advised to take proactive measures amid Middle East tensions <访问>
[16] B&Company (2025): Current application of domestic TMS, GPS tracking and AI in optimizing road transport routing in Vietnam <访问>
[17] B&Company (2025): Challenges and opportunities in Vietnam’s Logistics sector for foreign investors <访问>

