This article continues examining the impact of the 2025 administrative restructuring on the investment environment. The transition to a two-tier administrative system aims to simplify administrative procedures and enhance efficiency. While growth and investment opportunities are anticipated, challenges such as legal inconsistencies and uneven implementation across regions may also arise.

なぜ地方行政改革は進めなければならないのか

ベトナム戦争後の南北ベトナム統一以降、社会経済開発目標に沿うよう、行政組織の再編が幾度となく実施されてきた。1975年には約72の省レベルの行政単位が存在していたが、1976年には行政の集中化と効率化を図るため、38に統合された。[1]. その後数十年にわたり、ベトナムは地方開発を促進するために分権的なアプローチを採用し、徐々に省を再建していった。省の数は1991年には53、1997年には61、2003年には64、2008年には63に増加した。しかし、この期間を通して、省／中央管理の市、郡、コミューンという3層構造の行政機構は変わらなかった。.

決議18-NQ/TWによると[2] , 行政は大幅な改革努力を重ねてきたものの、効率性には限界があり、複雑さも残っている。その根本的な要因も特定されている。政治行政組織は、改革の必要性に関する組織間の認識や責任の相違などにより、現代の要求に追いついていない。さらに、組織構造、人事管理、意思決定には一貫性がなく、状況認識、リーダーシップ、インセンティブには改善の余地がある。法的な重複、不十分な人事政策、監査・評価能力の不足といった根強い課題が、行政システムの簡素化を阻害している。こうした課題を受けて、政府は公共行政システムを再構築し、市民により良いサービスを提供するために、より効率的で実践的なアプローチを採用するようになった。.

地方行政の再編：二層制の導入

概要

2025年初頭、複数回の議論を経て、行政の再編が決定され、業務の分断と重複を減らすために二層構造の地方自治体制度が導入された。.

Overview of Local Administrative Reorganization (Simplified Display)

出典: B&Company

この新しい行政区分は、34の省レベルの行政単位と3,321のコミューンで構成され、中間レベルの行政単位は廃止されました。例えば、以前は「ハノイ市ホアンキエム区クアナムコミューン、レ・ズアン通り」と表記されていた住所は、現在は「ハノイ市ホアンキエムコミューン、レ・ズアン通り」と表記されます。“

– 州/市: 下位レベルの業務を管理・監督するための決議や指示を発令し、コミューンレベルの行政を監督する主要な地域行政機関。.

– コミュニティレベル: コミューンと特別区で構成されるこの行政層は、中央政府および省・市政府が定めた枠組みの中で、政策を自主的に実施する責任を負っています。地方の社会経済開発を管理し、省・市に報告を行います。ハノイ市には合計126のコミューンがあり、ホーチミン市には168のコミューンがあります。.

再編後の州と市

新たに34の省・市が、面積、人口、文化、地理、国防などの基準に基づいて、旧63の省・市を統合して設立された。これらの省・市は2025年7月1日に正式に業務を開始した。.

省・市町村再編後のベトナム地図

出典: B&Company

面積で見ると、ラムドン省（ビンフック省とダクラク省と合併）が24,000 km²でベトナム最大の省となり、フンイエン省（タイビン省と合併）が2,500 km²で最小の省となる。人口で見ると、ホーチミン市はバリア・ブンタウ省とビンズオン省と合併し、約1,400万人で最大の都市となる。人口密度で見ると、ハノイが1 km²あたり2,600人を超え、最も高い。人口が最も少ない省はライチャウ省で、約50万人の住民がいる。.

新設の州および都市の面積と人口（2024年データ）

資料：B&Company

Impact on foreign investment

The merger presents new opportunities for both foreign and domestic investors.

Registered FDI (2024 data)

100% = 38.23 billion USD

Cumulative Registered FDI Since 1988

100% = 500.5 billion USD

B&Companyの統合

In the South, Ho Chi Minh City is the primary investment destination, accounting for 28% of cumulative FDI after its merger with Binh Duong and Ba Ria-Vung Tau. The new city now has a diverse industrial ecosystem in finance, high technology, and logistics, making it an attractive destination for investment. Ho Chi Minh City aims to attract investment of 8-10 million USD per hectare, prioritizing high-tech and environmentally conscious projects while modernizing its industrial model for sustainable growth. Meanwhile, Dong Nai (after merging with Binh Phuoc) and Tay Ninh (after merging with Long An) are emerging as major investment destinations in metropolitan adjacent areas.

In the North, Bac Ninh and Hai Phong lead in both registered FDI capital for 2024 and total accumulated FDI since 1988, particularly after merging with Bac Giang and Hai Duong, respectively. This opens many opportunities for regions like Bac Giang. While Bac Ninh has long attracted major foreign investors like Samsung and Canon, Bac Giang’s business environment has also improved, successfully attracting global giants such as HanaMicron and Foxconn.

Infrastructure Development

One objective of provincial integration is to strengthen infrastructure and connectivity, improve logistics access (such as highways, ports, and airports), and promote efficient development.

– The creation of large-scale industrial hubs in the Southeast and Red River Delta regions is being promoted, increasing demand for manufacturing. Ho Chi Minh City is expected to have over 54 industrial parks[3] , followed by Dong Nai (40) and Tay Ninh (24). In the Red River Delta, Hai Phong, Bac Ninh, and Ninh Binh are becoming major industrial centers, while Da Nang is increasing its presence with 12 industrial parks.

– Strengthening management of large-scale industrial zones will enhance corporate flexibility, boost regional competitiveness, and attract domestic and foreign investment. Increased land availability will facilitate factory site selection and alleviate shortages in high-demand areas[4].

– The distance between industrialized provinces and major airports/seaports will be reduced, improving trade connectivity. Haiphong’s super-class port and the airports in Hanoi and Quang Ninh will support industrial growth in the north, while Ho Chi Minh City will benefit from improved access to Ba Ria-Vung Tau.

– Inland provinces previously at a logistical disadvantage (such as Dak Lak) will see improved access to seaports and maritime transport, promoting regional economic development and reducing logistics costs for inland enterprises.

Key Economic and Industrial Infrastructure After Integration

B&Companyの統合

機会と課題

Simplifying administrative procedures and creating large economic zones will significantly improve the business environment. Reducing bureaucratic obstacles and enabling swift decision-making will decrease the time and cost required to obtain permits and licenses, enhancing regulatory predictability and government efficiency. Direct links between ministries and communes will improve infrastructure planning, create integrated markets, and reduce administrative barriers for foreign investors.

According to Dr. To Hoai Nam, Permanent Vice Chairman of the Vietnam Association of Small and Medium Enterprises (VINASME), provincial integration will create new opportunities for business development in the long term, forming a business environment particularly favorable for the scaling up of SMEs. When smaller administrative units are integrated into larger, planned regions, infrastructure such as transportation, trade, and supply chains improves, enabling access to broader markets for manufacturing, trade, and services.

Challenges exist. Experts note the consolidation process triggers changes in government authorities, tax laws, business licenses, and land ownership documents, leading to delays and increased costs. Businesses must update registration information, correct addresses, and navigate new bureaucratic procedures. Incentive policies and regulations (tax systems, land use rules, business support) may change or become inapplicable, increasing uncertainty. Discrepancies may arise, potentially leading to disputes over ongoing projects or public assets. Integration could intensify competition, and an increase in the number of companies might cause imbalances in the allocation of local resources. From a logistics perspective, companies are expected to face challenges due to inconsistencies in outdated vehicle registrations, transport permits, and road infrastructure. Without swift adjustments to administrative and legal systems, disruptions to transportation, distribution, and supply chains may occur. To mitigate these risks, a clear roadmap and coordinated policy implementation are essential during the integration process.[5]

続きを読む

ベトナム、7月1日に省再編と二層制地方統治モデルを正式に実施

[1]  VnExpress (2025)アクセス>

[2]  決議第18-NQ/TW号アクセス>

[3]  GSO (2023) <アクセス>

[4]  VIR (2025) <アクセス>

[5] Green Business & Economy Magazine (2025) <アクセス>