Hanoi belt map

Source: Google Maps

Air quality in some areas of the Beltway 1 in Hanoi, according to AQI index in 2025

Source: B&Company Airdata360

Unlike the strong measures in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City is reviewing proposals to limit high-emission vehicles in pollution-prone areas. The Department of Construction has sent a document requesting feedback from relevant departments on raising emission standards and establishing emission control zones. Agencies such as the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Finance, and the Institute for Development Research will also propose solutions for controlling emissions and developing infrastructure for green transportation. HCMC plans to pilot emissions control in areas like Can Gio, Con Dao, and the city center. A Green Transition Credit Fund will also be established to reinvest in green transport infrastructure and support citizens in transitioning to electric vehicles, particularly technology drivers [2].

Challenges in Transitioning

Insufficient Infrastructure, Especially in Public Transportation

Despite efforts to build public transportation systems like metro trains in HCMC, elevated trains in Hanoi, electric buses, and charging stations, the infrastructure remains insufficient, posing a major challenge for the government. While these projects are steps in the right direction, they are still in the early stages, and the existing infrastructure does not fully support the rapid transition needed for green transportation. The slow pace of implementation, coupled with the rapid increase in urban population and vehicle numbers, puts immense pressure on the government to build a more comprehensive and timely infrastructure plan. VinFast is tackling this by building a 150,000-point network, a strategic move that provides a strong competitive advantage. However, this private-led approach sparks debate over its potential to create a proprietary system. Such a network could become a major barrier for other EV manufacturers, thereby limiting market competition and consumer options. This raises the question not only of whether this infrastructure should be a state-funded public utility, but more fundamentally, whether the push for EV adoption is driven by public interest or private profit.

Consumer psychology on costs and the burden of old vehicles

Consumer psychology presents significant barriers to the adoption of electric vehicles, including “range anxiety,” where people fear running out of battery, despite most daily trips being short. Many consumers also lack understanding of electric vehicle technology, maintenance costs, battery lifespan, and operation, causing hesitation. Additionally, the higher initial cost of electric motorcycles compared to gasoline bikes overshadows long-term savings, further deterring potential buyers.

Source: B&Company compilation

The issue of millions of existing gasoline motorcycles also poses a major challenge, with no national buyback, recycling, or subsidy program in place. This creates logistical, economic, and environmental problems, and could burden low-income workers who depend on inexpensive, old gasoline bikes. Without proper support for transitioning, this policy could increase social inequality. Moreover, safety concerns, such as the risk of fires from substandard electric vehicles, have already caused incidents in major cities.

Gaps in Policy and Support

While the ban has been firmly raised, the support mechanism remains unclear and is still under development. The government has tasked Hanoi with issuing policies to encourage and support the public in transitioning to electric vehicles, but these policies are not yet fully developed or widely implemented. Vietnam currently lacks a unified national policy framework, including direct subsidies for consumers, adequate incentives for manufacturers, and a clear strategy for battery disposal and recycling, all of which are essential for sustainable development.

Although some positive policies, like exempting electric cars from registration fees, have been introduced, they have not yet been applied comprehensively to the electric motorcycle segment, which is far more important in daily transportation for the Vietnamese. To elaborate on Hanoi’s policy, recent proposals suggest a financial incentive of up to 4 million VND for residents who turn in old, non-compliant motorcycles for new electric ones. While this marks an official effort to encourage the transition, the amount is negligible when set against the 25-40 million VND price tag of a standard electric motorcycle. A subsidy of this scale is considered more symbolic than substantive, proving insufficient as a primary motivator to attract a broad base of consumers.

Opportunities

A potential ban on internal combustion engine motorcycles in major cities is seen as the main catalyst, ready to reshape Vietnam’s entire two-wheeler industry. This groundbreaking shift will open a new market, creating an urgent demand for professional electric vehicle maintenance and repair services. The market will face a shortage of skilled workers in electric drive system diagnostics, battery management, and software handling, presenting a significant opportunity for training institutions and high-tech service centers.

Simultaneously, the development of a supporting ecosystem plays a critical role. Key investment opportunities include building a dense network of charging and battery swapping stations to address user concerns about range. Additionally, the supply chain for spare parts, components, and an efficient battery recycling industry will thrive. This is not just a vehicle replacement, but the creation of an entirely new service and technology economy.

Conclusion

The potential for electric motorcycles in Vietnam is enormous, with the government’s gasoline vehicle ban acting as a key catalyst. In the next 2-3 years, this shift is expected to revolutionize the two-wheeler industry. Despite challenges in infrastructure, costs, and policies, the combination of strong political will and innovative business strategies, such as those from VinFast, is driving significant growth. In the next 2-5 years, electric motorcycles may dominate urban transportation, creating a predictable demand wave and accelerating large-scale adoption.

[1] Lao Động, Emission Standards for Millions of Motorbikes Expected to Be Issued in July <Access>

[2] Lao Động, HCMC Seeks Public Feedback on Limiting Fuel Vehicles in High Pollution Areas <Access>

[3] VnEconomy, Motorcycle Output Remains High Despite Imminent 2030 Restriction Deadline <Access>

[4] Government News, Directive on Electricity Saving Issued by the Government <Access>

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