电子制造业：越南准备通过本地化提升价值链吗？

电子制造：越南准备通过本地化提升价值链吗？

259 月2025

B&Company

B&Company 是第一家自 2008 年起在越南专门从事市场研究和投资咨询的日本公司。.

在本“越南简报”栏目中，B&Company 的青年研究人员将及时提供有关越南工业趋势、消费趋势和社会运动的信息。.

本文以英文撰写，其他语言版本为自动翻译版本。请以英文版本为准。尽管我们力求确保原始信息的准确性，但请您自行核实每条信息。文中的解读和未来展望均为各研究者的个人观点。.

Vietnam’s electronics industry has grown rapidly, becoming a key economic pillar and global manufacturing hub. With strong export performance, it shows great potential but remains reliant on assembly, low domestic value added, and FDI.

近年来，越来越多的越南企业加入了三星等大型企业的供应链，标志着本地化进程的进展，尽管这些领域仍处于低价值阶段。政府正在出台明确的政策，尤其是在半导体领域。为了提升价值链，越南需要采取大胆行动，克服系统性挑战，从“工厂”转型为高价值的全球供应链目的地。

规模及经济贡献概况

The electronics industry has become one of Vietnam’s key economic growth drivers, accounting for 17.8% of the entire manufacturing industry (based on report of VCCI in 2023), affirming its position as a spearhead field[1]. The export scale of the industry has witnessed remarkable growth, officially surpassing the 100 billion USD mark in 2024, the highest level since 2013. Specifically, the total export turnover of the electronics industry in 2024 reached nearly 126.5 billion USD, up 15.53% compared to 2023, contributing more than one-third of the country’s total export turnover.

其中，计算机、电子及零部件行业2024年将达到725.8亿美元，较2023年增长26.6%；手机及零部件行业2024年将达到539亿美元，较2023年增长2.9%。[2]

2014-2024年电子产品、计算机及零部件出口额

单位：亿美元

数据来源：越南统计总局（GSO）、越南海关

This reality shows that the electronics industry has become an important pillar, maintaining a high growth rate even in the context of achallenging global economy. According to data from the General Statistics Office, the export turnover of computers, electronic products and components led with 6.9 billion USD, up 29.1% over the same period in 2024. This strong growth rate is partly driven by the shift in the global supply chain and the presence of leading global technology corporations in Vietnam. However, growth in scale does not mean an increase in domestic value. Industry reports indicate that about 95% of the industry’s export value still belongs to the FDI sector, showing that growth mainly comes from assembly and processing activities rather than core technology capabilities. Core activities that bring the highest value, such as R&D, chip design, and brand development are still retained by these corporations in their home countries.[3]

然而，战略转变已经开始。越南意识到当前增长模式的局限性，正在采取审慎的措施，迈向更高价值阶段。

Localization level situation of Vietnam’s electronics industry

Despite strong progress in export turnover, the localization rate of Vietnam’s electronics industry remains very low, only about 5-10%[4]，显示出对全球供应链的高度依赖。

Localization in Vietnam’s electronics industry

来源：Vietnamnews.vn

越南目前有超过2000家企业参与电子行业，占企业总数的54.8%，但大多数是中小企业，主要进行简单的加工步骤，并没有真正掌握技术或设计。[5] The big difference between “being able to produce” and “being able to master” the technology is a core issue. Domestic enterprises can produce finished electronic products such as televisions and phones[6]，但大部分仍采用进口零部件组装。[7]

Domestic enterprises participate in the supply chain of large FDI corporations such as Samsung but with a modest role. There are currently a total of 340 Vietnamese enterprises in Samsung’s supply chain, but only about 35 to 39 enterprises are tier 1 suppliers. In addition, Vietnamese enterprises mainly supply consumables, packaging, and printing products, with a supply value very small compared to the needs of components and spare parts of these corporations.[8]

The dependence of Vietnam’s electronics industry on imports is huge. The import turnover of computers, electronic products and components exceeded the 102 billion USD mark in 2024, surpassing the 100 billion USD mark for the first time and increasing by 21.4% compared to the previous year.[9] This category accounts for nearly 36% of the country’s total import turnover in the first 8 months of 2025. The largest import supply comes from China, reaching 33.48 billion USD in August 2025.[10]

半导体芯片是越南最重要的进口类别之一。越南国内企业几乎无法在芯片研发、设计和生产方面实现自给自足，而必须完全依赖进口。加工芯片的短缺给越南从消费电子产品到汽车等诸多制造业带来了困境。[11]

现行政策和支持机制

第68/QD-TTg号决定设定了一个雄心勃勃的目标，即到2020年满足45%的国内需求，到2025年满足65%的国内需求。但最近的专家分析表明，电子行业的实际国产化率仅为510TP3T左右。这一差距凸显了采取新的、更切合实际的方法的必要性。

政府当前的战略已将重点从产品本地化转向增值，其更为温和但具有战略意义的目标是到 2030 年实现电子和半导体行业 10-15% 的增值。[12] 这种转变反映了一种更加成熟的政策制定思维，即专注于抓住全球供应链中的高价值阶段（例如设计、包装和测试），而不是追求表面指标。

Vietnam’s semiconductor and electronics industry

来源：政府新闻

Vietnam’s semiconductor and electronics industry development strategy to 2030, with a vision to 2050, is built on the breakthrough formula C = SET + 1.[13] 该公式专注于开发专用芯片（年代专业化、高素质的人力资源（电视人才），并建立生态系统（埃生态系统）使越南成为一个安全的目的地（+1）在全球半导体供应链中占据重要地位。越南没有试图与芯片制造领域的巨头竞争（这过于昂贵和复杂），而是选择了一条更为务实的道路，专注于设计、封装和测试等阶段，在这些阶段，知识和地理位置起着决定性的作用。[14]

具体支持政策包括优惠税率，例如，对高科技投资项目，可享受10%的企业所得税优惠税率，期限15年。[15] In addition, the Government is researching and establishing an Investment Support Fund to attract strategic investors and multinational corporations. Another important mechanism is the establishment of a “One-Stop Service” mechanism to simplify administrative procedures, creating a more favorable investment environment for enterprises in the semiconductor sector. [16]